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when was the encomienda system abolished
Black Legend History & Culture | What is the Black Legend? encomienda, in Spains American and Philippine colonies, legal system by which the Spanish crown attempted to define the status of the indigenous population. . Priests were supposed to live on the encomienda lands, instructing the Indigenous people in Catholicism, and often these men became defenders of the people they taught, but just as often they committed abuses of their own, living with Native women or demanding tribute of their own. The encomienda became increasingly rare throughout the sixteenth century, and by the end of the following century it had disappeared altogether. A royal supplement had to be paid to support the Philippine colony, which was a drain on Spanish finances. . Many details of the encomienda system have already been discussed, but a review of the same may be useful. Later, a chieftain named Guarionex laid havoc to the countryside before an army of about 3,090 routed the Ciguana people under his leadership. Encyclopedia of Western Colonialism since 1450, Gale Encyclopedia of U.S. Economic History, Francisco de Toledo (1515-1584), the fifth Spanish viceroy of Peru, established his reputation in that office as one of the most talented and energet, Antonio de Mendoza (1490-1552) was a Spanish viceroy in Mexico and Peru who inaugurated the system of viceregal administration, which lasted nearly 3, Tribute Hernn Corts granted the first encomiendas in Mexico, and Francisco Pizarro did so in Peru. They helped the Spaniards deal with their ignorance of the surrounding environment. In return, the encomendero was responsible for the well-being of the enslaved people and was to see to it that they were converted and educated about Christianity. In the 1500s, Spain systematically conquered parts of North, Central and South America as well as the Caribbean. Colonization would have destroyed local cultures no matter the labor system imposed. European Colonies in the Age of Exploration. What was the encomienda system? morganarmstrong380 morganarmstrong380 03/31/2021 History . On the other hand, the crown had made it quite clear that the Indigenous people were not enslaved but Spanish subjects with certain rights, which were being flagrant, systematically, and horrifically violated. Encomenderos were in the habit of resisting limits, and they opposed the New Laws. The mining of precious metals and the production of cash crops were the focus of encomienda activity. Reformers such as Bartolom de las Casas were predicting everything from the complete depopulation of the Americas to the eternal damnation of everyone involved in the whole sordid enterprise. Tindall, George Brown & David E. Shi (1984). The encomienda was thereafter renewed (or not) on an individual basis, at the death of the previous encomienda holder; assigned a steep transfer tax; and gradually eliminated, except on the frontiers of the empire (e.g., Paraguay). (February 23, 2023). Encomienda was abolished in 1791. Consequences of the Conquest of the Aztecs, The 10 Best Books About Early Colonial History, 10 Facts About the Conquest of the Inca Empire, 10 Notable Spanish Conquistadors Throughout History, Biography of Diego de Almagro, Spanish Conquistador, Biography of Francisco Pizarro, Spanish Conqueror of the Inca, Armor and Weapons of the Spanish Conquistadors, The History of Latin America in the Colonial Era, Biography of Hernn Corts, Ruthless Conquistador. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Men and women were forced to work in mines for weeks at a time, often by candlelight in deep shafts. The system was a means of encouraging colonization without the Spanish Crown having to shoulder the entire expense of the colonial expedition. Retrieved February 23, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/encomienda-0. With the ousting of Christopher Columbus in 1500, the Spanish Crown had him replaced with Francisco de Bobadilla. The connection between the encomienda and the hacienda, or large landed estate, has been the subject of debate. Note that conditions for indigenous workers remained particularly brutal in Peru, even under repartimiento. Although the encomienda was not officially abolished until the late 18th century, in September 1721 the conferment of new encomiendas in Spains colonies was prohibited. The grant of an encomienda gave the grantee, the encomendero, the right to collect tribute from a community of indigenous . "Slaves and the Creation of Legal Rights in Cuba: Coartacin and Papel", Geggus, David Patrick. In the Antilles the institution was firmly established under Governor Nicols de Ovbando. The encomenderos did not own the land on which the natives lived. That grant of labor accompanied a grant of land use. Relying on them to organize tributes simplified the process. This implied that enslaving them was illegal except under very specific conditions. He did graduate study in linguistics at Indiana University, European and Latin American area studies at the U.S State Department. "Encomienda 2 (April 1967), 89103. In the Americas, the Crown portion amounted to 20% of the production of a colony; the system was an important money-making proposition. The prime motivation for this system was to bring Christianity to the 'heathens', as the natives were called by the colonial settlers. Dominican priests played an important role in the movement to abolish it. In reality, however, the encomienda system was thinly-masked enslavement and led to some of the worst horrors of the colonial era. The lands were run by cruel overseers and Native chieftains who often demanded extra tribute themselves, making the lives of the Indigenous people even more miserable. The system of encomiendas was aided by the crown's organizing the indigenous into small harbors known as reducciones, with the intent of establishing new towns and populations. The encomienda was designed to meet the needs of the American colonies early mining economy. https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/encomienda, "Encomienda In return the encomendero promised to settle down and found a family in the nearest Spanish town, or villa; to protect the Indians; and to arrange for their conversion to the Roman Catholic faith. These men proved to be every bit as bad as the encomenderos had been: corregidores were appointed for relatively brief periods, so they tended to squeeze as much as they could out of a particular holding while they could. Repartimiento system In 1550, Spain abolished the encomienda system and replaced it with this system, Whereby residents of Indian villages remain legally free and entitled to wages, but were still required to perform a fixed amount of labor each year. In 1550, the crown abolished the encomienda system, which had allowed the Spanish to seize Native Americans' lands and force their labor. [35], Yale University's genocide studies program supports this view regarding abuses in Hispaniola. [8], Philip II enacted a law on 11 June 1594 to establish the encomienda in the Philippines, where he made grants to the local nobles (principala). In 1510, an Hispaniola encomendero named Valenzuela murdered a group of Native American leaders who had agreed to meet for peace talks in full confidence. The encomienda system traveled to America as the result of the implantation of Castilian law over the territory. The first New World haciendas, granted in the Caribbean, often had only 50 to 100 Indigenous people and even on such a small scale, it wasnt long before the encomenderos had virtually enslaved their subjects. But they were directly allotted to the Crown, who, through a local Crown official, would assign them to work for settlers for a set period of time, usually several weeks. Vinson, Ben, III, and Matthew Restall, eds. Encomienda is a Spanish word meaning "commission." However, the date of retrieval is often important. Leonor Moctezuma married in succession two Spaniards, and left the encomiendas to her daughter by her second husband. Writing about the Black Legend and the conquest of the Americas, Cook wrote, "There were too few Spaniards to have killed the millions who were reported to have died in the first century after Old and New World contact" and instead suggests the near total decimation of the indigenous population of Hispaniola as mostly having been caused by diseases like smallpox. The system was also instituted in Spain's only major colony in the Asia-Pacific region, the Philippines. Encomenderos brutalized their laborers. "Spain's American Colonies and the Encomienda System." Ovando instituted encomienda soon after his arrival in Hispaniola. In reality, indigenous people were forced to provide labor. In time, royal officials made such grants with conditions: that the encomenderos marry, live in a nearby town, Christianize the natives, and protect and treat them benevolently. An encomienda was a royal grant to collect tribute in the form of goods or labor. It was the first major organizational law instituted on the continent, which was affected by war, widespread disease epidemics caused by Eurasian diseases, and resulting turmoil. Leaders of the Reconquista were granted the title of adelantado (one who goes in advance) with the authority to establish control on behalf of the Crown. It refers to a system that was used by Spain in the New World to reward the conquistadors (conquerors). The first grantees of the encomienda system, called encomenderos, were usually conquerors who received these grants of labour by virtue of participation in a successful conquest. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Critics of colonial powers accuse them of ethnocide in the Americas. ." Corrections? Power passed to royal officials, miners, landowners, and eventually merchants. The system was formally abolished in 1720, but had lost effectiveness much earlier. [36] The program cites the decline of the Tano population of Hispaniola in 1492 to 1514 as an example of genocide and notes that the indigenous population declined from a population between 100,000 and 1,000,000 to only 32,000 a decline of 68% to over 96%. Encomienda Chattel Slavery Russian Serfdom Define the labor system Include the general role/purpose Were there revolts or rebellions . Mira Caballos, Esteban. They were granted the right to compel indigenous people to work their land and to pay tribute. Guamn Poma de Ayala, Felipe. 23 Feb. 2023
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