why was henry vii called the winter king

Henry VIII Books livestream YouTube 18 February 2023, February 13 A queen and her lady-in-waiting are beheaded. Celebrating the release of The Colour of Bone A London Charnel House. Hed achieved the impossible, hed risen from refugee to King of England. About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features NFL Sunday Ticket Press Copyright . Gaunt's nephew Richard II legitimised Gaunt's children by Swynford by Letters Patent in 1397. On the debit side, he may have looked a little delicate as he suffered from poor health. While there, he feigned stomach cramps and delayed his departure long enough to miss the tides. His claim to the throne was precarious and he wanted to portray Richard III as a usurper. If Penn's interpretation can sometimes seem slanted, its exposition would be hard to over-praise. Moneywise, King Henry the VII was frugal and careful with money. This family took a dim view of Henry and it was John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln, who instigated the first rebellion against him. [36] However, he spared Warwick's elder sister Margaret, who survived until 1541 when she was executed by Henry VIII. In 1502 the death of his heir Arthur left the dynasty's prospects with Arthur's 10-year-old brother, Henry. At any rate, the Wars of the Roses had ended with a victory by which the winner took all, and regardless of his somewhat dubious Plantagenet ancestry. Henry Tudors claim to the throne was, therefore, weak and of no importance until the deaths in 1471 of Henry VIs only son, Edward, of his own two remaining kinsmen of the Beaufort line, and of Henry VI himself, which suddenly made Henry Tudor the sole surviving male with any ancestral claim to the house of Lancaster. [62], Henry VII used justices of the peace on a large, nationwide scale. [70] Henry VII falls among the minority of British monarchs that never had any known mistresses, and for the times, it is very unusual that he did not remarry: his son Henry was the only male heir left after the death of his wife, thus the death of Arthur created a precarious political position for the House of Tudor. [a] Henry's mother, Margaret Beaufort, was a descendant of the Lancastrian branch of the House of Plantagenet. It seems that Henry was skilful at extracting money from his subjects on many pretexts, including that of war with France or war with Scotland. Their main aim was money. 1845. Henry reigned for nearly 24 years and was peacefully succeeded by his son, Henry VIII. That was to prevent the King of France capturing him and letting him loose on the English as a rival. Shakespeare, drawn to the colour on either side of the reign, skipped it. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. I had an idea Henry VII was a force for stability; in fact he was a terrifying kleptocrat, abusing the law with arbitrary fines and imprisonment, scheming to effectively steal entire estates and wring every penny out of subjects as well as impose political control through financial means. Their powers and numbers steadily increased during the time of the Tudors, never more so than under Henry's reign. [3] Henry's paternal grandfather, Owen Tudor, originally from the Tudors of Penmynydd, Isle of Anglesey in Wales, had been a page in the court of King Henry V. He rose to become one of the "Squires to the Body to the King" after military service at the Battle of Agincourt. By 1900 the "New Monarchy" interpretation stressed the common factors that in each country led to the revival of monarchical power. Herbert was captured fighting for the Yorkists and executed by Warwick. Henry was devastated. Letters to relatives have an affectionate tone not captured by official state business, as evidenced by many written to his mother Margaret. I have to admit to being a history geek. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Henry VIII, (born June 28, 1491, Greenwich, near London, Englanddied January 28, 1547, London), king of England (1509-47) who presided over the beginnings of the English Renaissance and the English Reformation. [54], Henry VII was much enriched by trading alum, which was used in the wool and cloth trades as a chemical fixative for dyeing fabrics. I wasn't disappointed because, as usual, he did a great job with the narration. Until the death of his wife, the evidence is clear from these accounting books that Henry was a more doting father and husband than was widely known and there is evidence that his outwardly austere personality belied a devotion to his family. In 1407, Henry IV, Gaunt's son by his first wife, issued new Letters Patent confirming the legitimacy of his half-siblings but also declaring them ineligible for the throne. The money so extracted added to the King's personal fortune rather than being used for the stated purpose. [9] He took it, as well as the standard of St. George, on his procession through London after the victory at Bosworth. [citation needed] The first was the 1486 rebellion of the Stafford brothers, abetted by Viscount Lovell, which collapsed without fighting. [16] With money and supplies borrowed from his host, Francis II of Brittany, Henry tried to land in England, but his conspiracy unravelled resulting in the execution of his primary co-conspirator, Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham. Elizabeth of York was Queen consort of England as spouse of King Henry VII from 1486 until her death on February 11th, 1503. He was the first Tudor king after defeating Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth in August 1485. Henry was the only child of Edmund Tudor , Earl of Richmond , and Margaret Beaufort . He became paranoid and made the decision that if his people couldnt love him then they should fear him. Even if the king outfaced his enemies in his lifetime, would they not forestall a Tudor succession? He attained the throne when his forces, supported by France, Scotland, and Wales, defeated Edward IV's brother Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field, the culmination of the Wars of the Roses. When Richard III became King, Henrys strategy, planned by Margaret Beaufort, the mother whom he had not seen for years, was to declare in public, in Brittanys Rennes Cathedral, that he would marry Edward IVs daughter Elizabeth, then in sanctuary with her mother, and thus bury the enmity between Lancaster and York by making her his queen. [citation needed] Following the example of Edward IV, Henry VII created a Council of Wales and the Marches for his son Arthur, which was intended to govern Wales and the Marches, Cheshire and Cornwall. More than a biography of Henry VII, this book is really a highly detailed history of the last ten years of his reign, and how he meticulously and ruthlessly turned England into a police state ruled by what amounted to an organized crime syndicate. [34], When the King's agents searched the property of William Stanley (Chamberlain of the Household, with direct access to Henry VII) they found a bag of coins amounting to around 10,000 and a collar of livery with Yorkist garnishings. His spies and informers were everywhere. Why did the nobility accept the curtailment of the military power it had wielded in the wars of the roses and swallow the elevation of upstarts at Henry's court? He died shortly afterwards in Carmarthen Castle. Having established his claim to be king in his own right, he married Elizabeth of York on January 18, 1486. Why is this ambitious? He took care not to address the baronage or summon Parliament until after his coronation, which took place in Westminster Abbey on 30 October 1485. [26] Henry married Elizabeth of York with the hope of uniting the Yorkist and Lancastrian sides of the Plantagenet dynastic disputes, and he was largely successful. [14] In November 1476, Francis fell ill and his principal advisers were more amenable to negotiating with King Edward. The devastated King became so ill that he was close to death, but then he recovered and Penn explains that when he took control once more, he was remorseless. A fresh look at the endlessly fascinating Tudorsthe dramatic and overlooked story of Henry VII and his founding of the Tudor Dynastyfilled with spies, plots, counterplots, and an uneasy royal succession to Henry VIII. He was, said Penn, a man who never knew a moments peace during his reign. His early reign was plagued by pretenders to the throne, giving the new Tudor dynasty a rocky start and a fear of conspiracy which dogged Henry VII throughout his life. [31] Despite such precautions, Henry faced several rebellions over the next twelve years. [20] He amassed an army of about 5,0006,000 soldiers. But Henry had a crucial asset: his queen and their children, the living embodiment of his hoped-for dynasty. These bonds were enforced by the Council Learned in the Law, a council of legal advisers who were only answerable to the King. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. [citation needed], During his lifetime the nobility often criticised Henry VII for re-centralizing power in London, and later the 16th-century historian Francis Bacon was ruthlessly critical of the methods by which he enforced tax law, but it is equally true that Henry VII was diligent about keeping detailed records of his personal finances, down to the last halfpenny;[71] these and one account book detailing the expenses of his queen survive in the British National Archives, as do accounts of courtiers and many of the king's own letters. Its goals, relentlessly pursued until Henry's death in 1509, were the establishment of a royal house, the elimination of opposition, and the steady accumulation of power and wealth. [68] In 1505 he was sufficiently interested in a potential marriage to Joanna of Naples that he sent ambassadors to Naples to report on the 27-year-old Joanna's physical suitability. Henry VII ruled from 1485-1509 and had a dubious claim on the throne, spending most of his time before the famous Battle of Bosworth Field in exile and gaining credibility from his marriage to Elizabeth of York. It was 1501. Shakespeare, drawn to the colour on either side of the reign, skipped it. Their chief task was to see that the laws of the country were obeyed in their area. For inheriting an unstable throne, holding it for 25 year and leaving England relatively stable, Henry VII deserves his own biography and a lot more credit. Edward would have liked to rid himself of Henry, a rival to his throne, but Francis kept Henry safe. Henry VII comes across as a talented micromanager and financier. Royal Collection Trust At the summit, even dinnerware testified to its owner's status. Not only was . The Lancastrians triumphed under the leadership of a 28-year-old exile named Henry Tudor. He was probably baptised at St Mary's Church, Pembroke,[1] though no documentation of the event exists. He created the Tudor dynasty. Fittingly he dressed in expensive black. There were some sections I had to skim because I didn't feel they were relevant to the storyline, but mostly I was hooked into this very complex King. But that's not really what I wanted from a book about Henry VII. Its restoration by the Magnus Intercursus was very much to England's benefit in removing taxation for English merchants and significantly increasing England's wealth. Henry VII (28 January 1457 21 April 1509) was King of England from his seizure of the crown on 22 August 1485 until his death in 1509. His regime was magnificent, yet terrifying and oppressive. [77][78] His mother died two months later on 29 June 1509. Happy St Davids Day! The Merchant Adventurers, the company which enjoyed the monopoly of the Flemish wool trade, relocated from Antwerp to Calais. [29] Henry secured his crown principally by dividing and undermining the power of the nobility, especially through the aggressive use of bonds and recognisances to secure loyalty. His biographer, Professor Chrimes, credits him even before he had become king with "a high degree of personal magnetism, ability to inspire confidence, and a growing reputation for shrewd decisiveness". Backdating Henry's Reign. Henry VIII Books Exploring the Best Books on Englands Most Infamous King, 18 February 1516 The birth of Queen Mary I, daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon. Wow, it was like being battered by facts without remission for good intentions. He paid very close attention to detail, and instead of spending lavishly he concentrated on raising new revenues. His father, Henry VII, was a cold, calculating man (he wasn't called "the Winter King" for nothing), a greedy monarch who during his last years on the throne had squeezed every last drop. [76] He was succeeded by his second son, Henry VIII (reigned 150947), who would initiate the Protestant Reformation in England. His claim to the throne was precarious and was from an illegitimate line, a family who had been banned from taking the throne, so Henry needed to make the people believe that he was their rightful King and to do that he had to start behaving like one. Doubtless the plotters were encouraged by the deaths of Henrys sons in 1500 and 1502 and of his wife in 1503. Otherwise, at the time of his father's arranging of the marriage to Catherine of Aragon, the future Henry VIII was too young to contract the marriage according to Canon Law and would be ineligible until age fourteen. After the Holy Roman Emperor . Four good reasons to indulge in cryptocurrency! Henry was also worried by the treason of Edmund de la Pole, earl of Suffolk, the eldest surviving son of Edward IVs sister Elizabeth, who fled to the Netherlands (1499) and was supported by Maximilian. When he met Richard III at Bosworth Field, Henry found that his army of dissidents and mercenaries was completely outnumbered. He had finished his palace of Richmond, he was controlling his allies and keeping an eye on his enemies, and now was the time to finalise the marriage agreement between England and Spain. But definitely rewarding! She was Edward's heir since the presumed death of her brothers, the Princes in the Tower, King Edward V and Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York. He was the founder of the Tudor dynasty, and his marriage to Elizabeth Woodville brought together the too sides that were facing off during the Wars of the Roses (the Lancasters and the Yorks) basically uniting the two houses into a single family. For instance, the Stanley family had control of Lancashire and Cheshire, upholding the peace on the condition that they stayed within the law. [49] The confused, fractious nature of Breton politics undermined his efforts, which finally failed after three sizeable expeditions, at a cost of 24,000. How like a winter hath my absence been From thee, the pleasure of the fleeting year! Henry came to the throne following the death of his father, Henry VII. They were third cousins, as both were great-great-grandchildren of John of Gaunt. There were too many powerful noblemen and, as a consequence of the system of so-called bastard feudalism, each had what amounted to private armies of indentured retainers (mercenaries masquerading as servants). [citation needed], Henry began taking precautions against rebellion while still in Leicester after Bosworth Field. In my never-ending quest to read possibly every single published book on the Tudor monarchy, I spied this little gem a few weeks ago and picked it up. Henry VII was also shown, but his black line just traced back to Owen Tudor, a chamber servant. Henry VII The Winter King is also the title of a book by Thomas Penn, and a useful read. They overrode all the usual legal processed and acted with complete impunity. One of the councils prominent members was Edmund Dudley, a man who helped Henry by enforcing the Kings legal rights, finding old laws to use against people and stretching the law to its limits. [25][80], Historians have always compared Henry VII with his continental contemporaries, especially Louis XI of France and Ferdinand II of Aragon. This meant that Henry had been the rightful King in the battle and that Richard had been the usurper, and those who supported him had been traitors. [67], Henry made half-hearted plans to remarry and beget more heirs, but these never came to anything. Henry VII can look a dull king, so dull that Thomas Penn's title omits his name. I thought the way he controled the nobility was fascinating - keeping them in check as well a raising vast sums of money at the same time. At the same time, Flemish merchants were ejected from England. Amateur historians Bertram Fields and Sir Clements Markham have claimed that he may have been involved in the murder of the Princes in the Tower, as the repeal of Titulus Regius gave the Princes a stronger claim to the throne than his own. Its goals, relentlessly pursued until Henry's death in 1509, were the establishment of a royal house, the elimination of opposition, and the steady accumulation of power and wealth. In that, he was quite successful, but he was neither loved nor admired. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-VII-king-of-England, Spartacus Educational - Biography of Henry VII, English Monarchs - Biography of Henry VII, Henry VII - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Henry VII - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). Wales was historically a Lancastrian stronghold, and Henry owed the support he gathered to his Welsh birth and ancestry, being agnatically descended from Rhys ap Gruffydd. I'm not giving this a star rating because I suspect it's me at fault not the book. As we know, Henry VII was true to his word, married Elizabeth and they founded the Tudor dynasty between them. Sometimes when reading nonfiction of this type, I never know if it is going to be dry and dull or not. Stephens, "affords some illustrations of the avaricious and parsimonious character of the king". The union was both symbolic and necessary. By this marriage, Henry VII hoped to break the Auld Alliance between Scotland and France. [57], In 1506, Henry extorted the Treaty of Windsor from Philip the Handsome, Duke of Burgundy. [41] Henry also increased wealth by acquiring land through the act of resumption of 1486 which had been delayed as he focused on defence of the Church, his person and his realm. He was the first monarch of the House of Tudor. Henry VII's reign has yielded an evocative study, Original reporting and incisive analysis, direct from the Guardian every morning, ILLUSTRATION: CLIFFORD HARPER/AGRAPHIA.CO.UK. It is not known precisely where Cabot landed, but he was eventually rewarded with a pension from the king; it is presumed that Cabot perished at sea after a later unsuccessful expedition.

Willoughby Ymca Pool Schedule, West Kentucky Wma Deer Hunting, Articles W