proof of housing instability

%PDF-1.6 % Free civil legal aid to low-income people in Boston. Neighborhood characteristics can strongly influence health. American Journal of Sociology, 118(1), 88133. The following screens show examples of each of the conditions of eligibility. By enacting the right to counsel legislation, evictions in New York Citythe first city to implement this intervention strategywere reduced by 29 percent from 2017 to 2019.96 To better understand the scope of the U.S. housing stability crisis, uniform eviction data collection on the federal level is needed to capture the scope of filings and evictionswhere they are concentrated, who is filing, and the reasons for filing. subscribe.submit(); doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.076190, Baggett, T. P., Hwang, S. W., OConnell, J. J., Porneala, B. C., Stringfellow, E. J., Orav, E. J., & Rigotti, N. A. This example shows one way grantees can cross-reference household size and income against a proxy data source on the backend, without putting this onus on the applicant. doi: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2011.03.008, H.R.558 - 100th Congress (19871988): Stewart B. McKinney Homeless Assistance Act. Check with your local program to find out if theyre using this flexibility. Am I eligible for emergency rental assistance? Grantees should adjust the content in the help text to be consistent with the specific policies and procedures that have been developed locally. This requires both emergency and long-term solutions at the local, state, and federal levels. Emily A. Benfer, Solomon J. Greene, and Margaret Hagan, Approaches to Eviction Prevention (Social Science Research Network, 2020): available at, Tenant Resource Center, Eviction, available at, Brian Bieretz, Kimberly Burrowes, and Emily Bramhall, Getting Landlords and Tenants to Talk (Washington: Urban Institute, 2020), available at, National League of Cities, Long-Term Approaches to Preventing Evictions Now and Beyond COVID-19, August 7, 2020), available at, Heidi Schultheis and Catilin Rooney, A Right to Counsel Is a Right to a Fighting Chance: The Importance of Legal Representation in Eviction Proceedings (Washington: Center for American Progress, 2019), available at, Oksana Mironova, Right to Counsel and Stronger Rent Laws Helped Reduce Evictions on 2019, Community Service Society, February 24, 2020, available at, Lexington Law, How Long Does an Eviction Stay on Your Record., Office of Ward 3 Councilmember Mary Cheh, Eviction Record Sealing Authority Amendment Act of 2019, Press release, June 18, 2019, available at, Fairness in Renting Emergency Amendment Act of 2020, B23-0940, Council of the District of Columbia (October 5, 2020), available at, Gapard Le Dem, D.C. Beyond these packages, other legislation focused specifically on housing has been introduced, including the Rent and Mortgage Cancellation Act,46 the Emergency Housing Protections and Relief Act,47 and the Protecting Renters from Evictions and Fees Act.48, In September, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) enacted a national halt on residential evictions for nonpayment of rent,49 which required renters to sign a declaration form stating that they meet certain eligibility criteria.50 This action came with the following CDC acknowledgement: Housing stability helps protect public health because homelessness increases the likelihood that people may move into close quarters in homeless shelters or other settings. The United States needs to recover not only from the ongoing pandemic but also from its long history of exclusion and inequality. If youre a renter having trouble paying your rent, utilities, or other housing costs or if youre a landlord trying to stay afloat with tenants in this situation help may be available. These laws include bans on camping or sleeping in public spaces or in vehicles; loitering; panhandling, both giving and receiving; public food-sharing, both providing and accepting; and more. For example, if the applicant only checks that they need assistance with gas bills, only additional fields pertaining to the gas bill will be shown. 6800, 116th Cong., 2nd sess. Web(e.g., proof of residence at an eligible rental unit in the absence of a lease/rental/sublease agreement) Financial Impact (e.g., unemployment, reduction in i ncome, significantly increased expenses, or other financial hardship) Housing Impact (e.g., risk of housing instability or homelessness) Income qualification Without rapid action that centers the needs of communities of color and makes investments in long-term solutions, the future will hold even more inequality and continued unfairness. In other areas, landlords need to submit an application first. if(subscribe.checkValidity()) { It is appropriate to get applicants to confirm their rent assistance request and to underline the importance of making an accurate and truthful request. "a They restrict access to resources, increase criminal-legal involvement for many, perpetuate poverty,72 have not been found to be effective in decreasing homelessness, and cost taxpayers more than if housing were provided to people experiencing homelessness.73, Anti-homeless legislation disproportionately affects Black, Native American, and Latinx individuals, who are often already more justice-involved.74 People who are not currently experiencing homelessness may also be targeted by these laws, which advocates argue do more harm than service and should be litigated.75, During the COVID-19 pandemic, public health experts and local law enforcement have differed in their approach to anti-homeless laws. If so, you'll need to make sure that your landlord uploads proof of your past due rent/late fees. They'll work with Boston residents who are at risk of housing instability. WebMy household is experiencing housing instability due to (please select all options that apply to your households circumstances): Receipt of a rental eviction notice. To show housing instability, you may need to sign a written statement. %%EOF Recent analysis estimates that the amount of back rent owed may reach as much as $34 billion by years end, with more than 20 million renters8 million householdsfacing possible eviction by January 2021.31 Renters of color disproportionately report being behind on rent, (see Figure 3) and unpaid rent continues to grow. if(subscribe.checkValidity()) { American Journal of Public Health, 97(3), 464469. If you have a disability, dont have access to technology, or have other special needs, a local program may be flexible about the proof they require. The federal ERA Program allows local programs to receive up to 18 months of help with rent, including overdue rent, back to March 13, 2020, if the money is available. Can I get help with the cost of moving to a new home? doi: 10.1056/NEJMsa1103216, Aratani, Y., Chau, M. M., Wight, V., & Addy, S. D. (2011). Public health experts and advocates say that the enforcement of anti-homeless legislation such as this compromises public health and safety at any time;80 and during the COVID-19 pandemic, it increases the potential for viral spread.81. This would require using AMI data from sources such as: This example involves confirming income eligibility by relying on the applicant's participation in other income-tested federal or state assistance programs. WebResidential instability is often addressed only at the point of homelessness and is treated as a family or household problem. The federal ERA Program allows local programs to cover rent, utilities, and home energy costs. The federal ERA Program allows local programs to help with moving expenses, security deposits, rental applications or screening fees. subscribe.submit(); doi: 10.1007/s10995-014-1633-6, Do, D. P., & Finch, B. K. (2008). Acceptable documentation for this can include the following: A study examining data from New York City recently found that evictions increase the likelihood of a person being hospitalized up to two years later and increase the probability of hospitalization to address a mental health condition.63, People who have been evicted are also more likely to apply to stay in shelters, as well as spend more days living in shelters.64 Pacific Islander, Native American, Black, Latinx, and Asian communities already face higher rates of homelessness,65 and once pushed into homelessness, families encounter a pileup of inequities.66 When stable housing is not available, people often confront criminalization due in large measure to anti-homeless legislation.67 They also suffer from food insecurity,68 declines in physical and mental health,69 and further barriers to obtaining future housing.70, Anti-homeless legislation and ordinances are present in 9 out of 10 cities, and their passing and enforcement have been on the rise.71 These laws criminalize specific public behaviors and make it possible to punish people experiencing homelessness who are simply looking to meet their basic needs and may have no other alternatives. They may ask you for a written statement. If you have overdue rent, the money must go toward rent that you owe, first. Last full review by a subject matter expert December 02, 2021 Last revised by staff December 02, 2021 Rate Each local program has some flexibility in how they set up policies and procedures to suit the needs of their local community. Utility bill for each utility company if applying for utility assistance Sign Up Its always a good idea to talk with your local program. (2013). https://www.hud.gov/topics/rental_assistance. Therefore, a national, comprehensive moratorium on evictions should be extended past the pandemic to ensure that renters are able to remain housed. Can I get help to cover my mortgage, utility, or energy costs? WebProof of identity, which may include a clear and legible photo identification or other means of identification through id.me Lease or housing agreement that matches the applicant and landlord names. State and local renter assistance programs, including local moratoriums on evictions, have developed across the country.54 Local moratoriums vary with regard to which stages of the eviction process are halted, from filing to court proceeding to voluntary or forced vacation of a rental unit. 246 0 obj <>stream The simplest way to capture a tenants rental obligation is with a current lease or an equivalent letter from their landlord. They offer eviction help for tenants and owner-occupied landlords. Ask your local program about the total amount of help available to you. Development of an index of subsidized housing availability and its relationship to housing insecurity. Local programs have different requirements, so check with your local program for details. As part of your ERAP application, you are required to provide contact information for your landlord and submit a "recommendation request" to your landlord. This means that your local program can set lower income limits to make sure the neediest households get help first. You might also be asked to show: A past due utility or rent bill or eviction notice; Proof that you live in unsafe or unhealthy living conditions, or; Other proof that the program asks you for People experiencing housing instability reportedly face a number of barriers that prevent them from finding and applying for employment. Moving to Opportunity (MTO) for Fair Housing Demonstration Program. Journal of Negro Education, 72(1), 2238. Our goal is to put residents on the path to housing stability. Past Due Rent & Late Fees - It is likely that you are applying to this program because you are behind on your rent and/or have late fees. . Get lawyer referral services and information at Housing Court. hb``` 7@(1)"1@ k? http://nlihc.org/sites/default/files/Renters_in_Foreclosure_2012.pdf [PDF 428 KB], Busacker, A., & Kasehagen, L. (2012). But right now,most federal emergency rental assistance programs accept applications from landlords. Check with your local program to find out if theyre using this flexibility. Asking for the total amount that the tenant owes for the utility allows all fees needed to maintain that utility to be included. Kushel, M. B., Gupta, R., Gee, L., & Haas, J. S. (2006). For example, having an eviction on ones credit report and/or public record can affect ones ability to secure housing.97 Local legislation, such as Washington, D.C.s Eviction Record Sealing Authority Amendment Act of 201998 and Fairness in Renting Emergency Amendment Act of 2020,99 could help people looking to rent by sealing eviction records to prevent landlords from denying an applicant housing based on public records.100. (2020). Get practical information about your legal rights in Massachusetts. For details, start with the rental assistance programforyour state, tribe, or localarea. This summary of the literature on Housing Instability as a social determinant of health is a narrowly defined examination that is not intended to be exhaustive and may not address all dimensions of the issue. This includes help paying for future utility or energy bills, even if you owe money for existing or overdue bills. Eviction and the reproduction of urban poverty. Whereas, applicants who reply that they havent received a past due or eviction notice, are instead asked whether they have experienced other housing risks. doi: 10.1080/10511482.2015.1015042, Hernndez, D. (2016). When moratoriums on evictions do expire, renters will face an accumulation of owed back rent. Use your landlord as a reference so they can confirm your risk of housing instability. WebHousing insecurity can take a number of forms: homelessness; housing cost burden; residential instability; evictions and other forced moves; living with family or friends to If You Haven't Received an Eviction Notice, If You Already Received an Eviction Notice, Massachusetts Bar Association Lawyer Referral Program, Office of Housing Stability Virtual Legal Clinic, Housing Stability Notification Act: Landlord Information, Condominium and Cooperative Conversion Ordinance, Our goal is to put residents on the path to housing stability. (2009). Remarks by Assistant Secretary Elizabeth Rosenberg for Terrorist Financing and Financial Crimes at the Association of Women in International Trade. 83.5 percent of households earning less than $15,000 a year were cost burdened. Demography, 52(5), 17511772. The three types of eligibility attachments required include: Proof of The twelve months of payments can be used to cure arrears and/or pay current housing costs. The positions of American Progress, and our policy experts, are independent, and the findings and conclusions presented are those of American Progress alone. doi: 10.1257/aer.20150572, Ludwig, J., Sanbonmatsu, L., Gennetian, L., Adam, E., Duncan, G. J., Katz, L. F., & McDade, T. W. (2011). If your landlord normally pays for utilities or home energy costs, these are counted as part of your rent. Housing Policy Debate, 26(1), 80104. Landlord required documents include: As many as 64 million people in the United States live in a multigenerational household,12 which is prompted by cultural, economic, and many other factors. Receipt due to past Tenants: Innocent victims of the nations foreclosure crisis. We offer free counseling to landlords to support owner and tenant stabilization. The CARES Act required landlords to provide at least a 30-day notice to tenants before filing an evictiona protection that is not set to expire.89 This protection, and other prefiling notice requirements,90 provide tenantswho previously only had a few days notice before court involvement91more time to take the action needed to prevent their eviction or, if an eviction does occur, search for emergency housing. Do this as soon as possible. (1987, July 22). Crowding: Risk factor or protective factor for lower respiratory disease in young children?. Housing instability encompasses a number of challenges, such as having trouble paying rent, overcrowding, moving frequently, or spending the bulk of var onSuccessSubmitenSubscribeSlideUp = function() { Renters in foreclosure: A fresh look at an ongoing problem. Recovery for many individuals and families will extend well beyond the COVID-19 pandemic. It allows the applicant to fill in each month they are asking for assistance on, as well as any fees, and calculates the total amount of assistance requested for them. Renters and landlords can find out what emergency rental assistance covers, how it works, and whos eligible on the interagency housing portal hosted by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB). Treasury is providing example reference screens to help grantees with implementing ERA program online applications. var subscribe = document.getElementById('enSubscribeSlideUp'); Desmond, M. (2012). If your income has changed, you might qualify for lower rent. This microsite is coordinated by the Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health, Office of the Secretary, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. We will be happy to walk you through the process. Call 617-635-4200 or email housingstability@boston.gov. Due to historic and current policies as well as systemic racism in housing, criminal justice, education, employment, and health care, people of color are more likely to experience homelessness across their lifespan.23 As a result, communities of color are overrepresented in the homeless population, with nearly 40 percent of people experiencing homelessness identifying as Black, 22 percent as Latinx, 3 percent as Native American, and 2 percent as Pacific Islander.24 These racial disparities are only expected to worsen due to the impacts of the neglectful mismanagement of the coronavirus pandemic.25, Although housing insecurity affected communities of color long before COVID-19, the current pandemic continues to exacerbate inequalities. Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act of 2020. How stable is stable? Neighborhoods, obesity, and diabetes a randomized social experiment. Find out if emergency rental assistance applies to your special situation. However, housing is rarely constructed with multigenerational families in mind, and the supply does not meet the growing demand.13 Latinx, Native American, and Asian individuals, who increasingly live in multigenerational households,14 disproportionately live in overcrowded rental units that are not large enough or are not constructed for larger households.15 A benefit of living in a multigenerational household is that it increases household resources,16 which can serve as a safety net and lift families out of poverty.17 However, without adequate and affordable rental units designed and constructed to fit a range of families needs, the cultural, social, and economic benefits of living in multigenerational households are less available. Check with your local program to find out how they can help. Talk to your local program to find out how they can help. Our goal is to put residents on the path to housing stability. Sarnata Reynolds, Caroline Medina, Molly Weston Williamson, Rachael Eisenberg, Brandon Tucker, Hadi Sedigh. https://www.congress.gov/bill/100th-congress/house-bill/558, Schanzer, B., Dominguez, B., Shrout, P. E., & Caton, C. L. (2007). 142 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<799FA322036BFF4EB5D08B547890302D><56F5DCEFE7776347BFDDD61E12C4047F>]/Index[102 75]/Info 101 0 R/Length 146/Prev 158116/Root 103 0 R/Size 177/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream Harvard University. WebProof of Housing Instability Acceptable Documents may include: Disconnected Utility Notice Self-Declaration of Homelessness Self-Declaration of Housing Instability Identification of To estimate percentages, total respondents were adjusted for missing responses and only those who responded that they pay rent were included. But you can get help to cover the part of the rent that you are responsible for. The intention is to help tenants see themselves and/or their situation within the checklist options offered and to avoid asking tenants to provide a narrative. Continues Encampment Cleanups During The Pandemic Despite CDC Guidance, DCist, October 15, 2020, available at, Theresa Clift, Sacramento police still clearing homeless CDC coronavirus guidelines discourage it,, Jakob Rodgers, Sweeps Of Homeless Camps Run Counter To COVID Guidance And Pile On Health Risks, KHN, June 26, 2020, available at, Marisa Westbrook and Tony Robinson, Unhealthy by design: health & safety consequences of the criminalization of homelessness,, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Interim Guidance on People Experiencing Unsheltered Homelessness., Movement for Black Lives, What Is the BREATHE Act?, available at, Movement for Black Lives, Section 3: Allocating New Money To Build Healthy, Sustainable & Equitable Communities for All People, available at, National Alliance to End Homelessness, The Framework for an Equitable COVID-19 Homelessness Response, available at, Executive Office of the President, Executive Order 13950: Executive Order on Combating Race and Sex Stereotyping, Press release, September 22, 2020, available at, National Council of Nonprofits, The Executive Order on Combating Race and Sex Stereotyping, available at, U.S. Department of Justice, The Fair Housing Act, available at, National Fair Housing Alliance, Furthering Fair Housing, available at. start with the rental assistance programforyour state, tribe, or localarea. Here's a snapshot of the evidence-based resources related to topics covered in this literature summary. 7301, 116th Cong., 2nd sess. What can I use to show housing instability? Can rental assistance cover the cost of a hotel or motel room? A past due utility or rent bill or eviction notice, Proof that you live in unsafe or unhealthy living conditions, or, Other proof that the program asks you for, Proof that you paid utilities for your home or apartment unit (like a water bill), Other paperwork that shows regular rent payments, or, You havent signed or co-signed a mortgage for the property that you are renting-to-own, You havent exercised an option to purchase the property. As recent analyses show, renters of color are experiencing disproportionate negative outcomes from COVID-19. For example, tenant-landlord mediation programs that intervene once an eviction is threatened or filed can explore options and negotiate solutions prior to court involvement to ultimately prevent an eviction.92 A mediation program in Palo Alto, California, reports that 80 percent of mediation cases are able to be resolved outside the court.93 If an eviction filing does occur, guaranteeing renters a right to counsel can also help to keep them housed.94 In eviction proceedings, approximately 90 percent of landlords have legal representation, compared with just 10 percent of tenants.95 This vast inequality in resources leads to the majority of tenants losing these cases. Do I have to be behind on rent to get help? NOTE: The Office of Housing Stability is located at 43 Hawkins Street. doi: 10.1177/0002716213479310, Fowler, K. A., Gladden, R. M., Vagi, K. J., Barnes, J., & Frazier, L. (2015). For example, in some areas, you can apply for rental assistance yourself. Starting May 7, 2021, landlords who accept direct payments of future rent are not allowed to evict you for not paying rent during the period covered by the rental assistance. Local programs have different requirements. Special Inspector General, Troubled Asset Relief Program (SIGTARP), Administrative Resource Center (ARC)- Bureau of the Fiscal Service, Department of Housing and Urban Developments ", American Community Survey (ACS), specifically US Census 2019 5-Year Estimates Tables. We also use the term Latinx, which includes a person or group of people with origins in Latin American. It depends on how your local program works. Use the search bar to find programs in your area. Defining and measuring housing stability. What kind of proof can I use to show my income? Social Science Research, 40(4), 11961213. Homelessness during pregnancy: A unique, time-dependent risk factor of birth outcomes. Check with your local program for details. V@xYdpYJ8B0T\&t`*PyC" i(8yvL,LLB\,230P4S5c o6?02hs0igHdfpYb^33s0053. Yes. The question How confident are you that your household will be able to pay your next rent or mortgage payment on time? (Question 41) was asked in phases 1 and 2 of the HPS, which include weeks 1 through 16 (April 23 to October 12, 2020). In some cases, the program may contact your landlord or utility provider and ask them to accept emergency rental assistance to pay off what you owe. Although they have been able to keep many individuals and families housed, many moratoriums have expired,55 and many renters are faced with paying back rent. (2016). (March 27, 2020), available at, The Health and Economic Recovery Omnibus Emergency Solutions Act of 2020, H.R. Low-income children who switch schools frequently tend to perform less well academically, are less likely to complete high school, and as adults obtain jobs with lower earnings and skill requirements. Increase in suicides associated with home eviction and foreclosure during the US housing crisis: Findings from 16 national violent death reporting system states, 20052010. implementation of new programs and policies that the office is exploring. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwn182, National Bureau of Economic Research. Beyond moratoriums and court action, invisible or soft evictions continue to occur across the country, with tenants being locked out of their homes56 or having their utilities shut off against local protections,57 which may take a toll on renter confidence in the effectiveness of some legislation. If you need help paying your past and future rent. Homelessness, health status, and health care use. American Journal of Public Health, 105(2), 311316. When programs make direct payments to landlords to cover back rent, guidance strongly encourages them to prohibit eviction for 30 to 90 days after the period covered by rental assistance. } A Tribal member living outside Tribal lands can receive emergency rental help funds from their Tribe or Tribally Designated Housing Entity (TDHE), as long as you are not already receiving assistance from another Tribe or TDHE, or from a state or local government. Segregating shelter: How housing policies shape the residential locations of low-income minority families. You can get emergency rental help even if you have a rent-to-own agreement with your landlord, as long as: Rental assistance can also be used to cover mooring fees. dataLayer.push({"event": "signup_submit", "form_detail":"enSubscribeSlideUp"}); State and local programs are taking applications from renters and landlords to distribute money from the U.S. Department of Treasurys Emergency Rental Assistance (ERA) program in their own communities. dataLayer.push({"event": "signup_submit", "form_detail":"enSubscribeFooter"}); Highlighted within these initial eligibility screens are the practices detailed in "Guidelines for ERA program online applications". Been, V., & Glashausser, A. However, housing discrimination policies that disproportionately affect people of color, such as barring people with criminalized records from renting or obtaining housing vouchers,7 are still legal; and other discriminatory practices, such as landlords showing families of color fewer rental options,8 still occur with little tracking or accountability. doi: 10.1002/jcop.21665, Cutts, D. B., Meyers, A. F., Black, M. M., Casey, P. H., Chilton, M., Cook, J. T., & Frank, D. A. Waters and Oksana Miranova, Addressing the Eviction Epidemic, Community Service Society, September 28, 2017, available at, Deena Greenberg, Carl Gershenson, and Matthew Desmond, Discrimination in Evictions: Empirical Evidence and Legal Challenges,, Teresa Wiltz, A Pileup of Inequities: Why People of Color Are Hit Hardest by Homelessness, The Pew Charitable Trusts, March 29, 2019, available at, National Homelessness Law Center, Racism, Homelessness, and COVID-19, available at, Kim Parker, Juliana Menasce Horowitz, and Anna Brown, About Half of Lower-Income Americans Report Household Job or Wage Loss Due to COVID-19, Pew Research Center, April 21, 2020, available at, Michael Madowitz and Diana Boesch, The Shambolic Response to the Public Health and Economic Crisis Has Women on the Brink as the Hob Recovery Stalls (Washington: Center for American Progress, 2020), available at, Olugbenga Ajilore, The Persistent Black-White Unemployment Gap Is Built into the Labor Market, Center for American Progress, September 28, 2020, available at, Scott Horsley, Overlooked: Asian American Jobless Rate Surges But Few Take Notice, NPR, October 1, 2020, available at, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Hospitalization and Death by Race/Ethnicity, available at, Stout, Analysis of Current and Expected Rental Shortfall and Potential Evictions in the U.S. (Washington: National Council of State Housing Agencies, 2020), available at. }. Eligibility is based on a renter households financial situation and housing needs. Housing costs exceed 50% of the current household income. Your local program should let you know how their system for prioritizing applications works. Proof of identity; 2. When documentation of a rental agreement is unavailable, focus on Rental assistance cant be used to cover any utilities and home energy costs that your landlord normally pays for. Jaboa Lake is a senior policy analyst for the Poverty to Prosperity Program at the Center for American Progress. The goal is to demonstrate ways grantees and their partners can create online application forms that are user-friendly, succinct, and easily understood. } doi: 10.1007/s10995-012-0997-8, Herbert, C. W., Morenoff, J. D., & Harding, D. J. Harvard University. As early as April 2020, 32 percent of Black adults and 41 percent of Latinx adults experienced job loss due to the pandemic, compared with only 24 percent of white adults.26 Black and Latina women have seen the largest drop in their employment-to-population ratios since February, with Black women in particular seeing jobs come back at a rate that is 1 1/2 times slower than that of white women.27 Although all racial and ethnic groups have faced record unemployment, the Black-white unemployment gap has persisted throughout the pandemic.28 For Asian Americanswho have been particularly targeted by racist responses to the coronavirus crisisunemployment rates have soared to 11 percent in July, compared with 3 percent during the previous year, and they remain historically high as the pandemic continues.29.

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